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50, 100 & 150: April 2023

2023-03-30
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1973

Catalytic Conversion

“Among the most troublesome air pollutants produced by automobiles are the chemically active nitrogen oxides. Workers at Bell Laboratories have found catalysts that react nitrogen oxides with a reducing gas (hydrogen or carbon monoxide), converting them to nitrogen and such harmless by-products as water and carbon dioxide. They can be coated on a ceramic support to make a filter-like device that could be installed in an automobile. So far such devices have been tested only in the laboratory; further tests are necessary to see if they will stand up under the severe conditions in an exhaust system of an automobile running for extended periods. The automobile industry faces increasingly strict Federal standards for reducing carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in exhaust emissions.”

1923

Discovered: Nebraska Man

“At the recent meeting of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn announced the discovery of a tooth giving evidence of a pre-historic and unknown species of anthropoid intermediate between the ape and the earliest man. This discovery was made by Harold J. Cook in the middle Pliocene formations of Nebraska. This tooth matches no known tooth of ape or man, modern or extinct. Dr. Osborn classifies it as a new species and genus and names it Hesperopithecus haroldcookii, which means ‘the anthropoid from the west discovered by Harold Cook.’ The fossil was found in the upper phase of the Snake River beds, associated with remains of the rhinoceros, camel, Asiatic antelope and an early form of the horse. Hitherto, no specimen of anthropoid primates had been discovered in America.”

Within a few years the novel classification was proved to be a mistake; it was retracted in 1927.

Artificial Rain

“There have been plenty of reported achievements in [artificial weather making] that, on investigation, turn out to be illusory. Now we are asked to believe that a method of dispelling clouds and fog, and incidentally of turning clouds into rain, cheap enough to be applied universally for the benefit of aviators and others, has been devised by investigators at work at McCook Field, near Dayton, Ohio, on behalf of the Army Air Service. The process consists of spraying the clouds from an airplane with electrically charged sand, clearing away the cloud and producing an incipient rainstorm. We are unable to see any reason why this process should extend very far. The grains of sand would quickly lose their electrical charge and behave the same as any other mineral dust found in the atmosphere.”

1873

Vesuvius House, Great Lava Views

“About two thirds of the way up the side of Vesuvius stands a small building, plainly visible. During cloudy and wet weather, it is shrouded in the dense veil of smoke which settles around the summit; and in times of eruption, the fiery streams seem to encompass it and flow far below its level. In this structure, thus dangerously located, Professor Palmieri, a well known Italian savant, has established an observatory and, with marvelous intrepidity, has remained at his post watching the convulsions of the volcano at times when his house stood between torrents of liquid fire, the heat from which cracked the windows and scorched the solid stone of the walls. The knowledge obtained at so great a risk has been recently given to the world in an ably written volume, which contains data of invaluable assistance in the future investigation of volcanic phenomena. Professor Palmieri considers that, to a certain extent, eruptions may be predicted. We suggest he supplement his efforts by turning from an intermittent to a constant volcano—from Vesuvius to Stromboli.”

Science Benefits Economy

“It is noticeable that scientific subjects have received more attention from the newspaper press of late. This is partly [because] it is becoming more generally known that discoveries that seemed at first to be without any application have contributed to the general good. Experiments in magnetism and electricity, which led to the invention of the electric telegraph, were made from curiosity only. None could have anticipated the use of spectrum analysis in the manufacture of steel. Other cases may be noted to illustrate the proposition that every addition that may be made to physical science is capable of an economic use.”

参考译文
50、100和150:2023年4月
“汽车产生的最麻烦的空气污染物是具有化学活性的氮氧化物。贝尔实验室的工作人员发现了一种催化剂,可以将氮氧化物与还原性气体(氢气或一氧化碳)反应,将其转化为氮气和无害的副产品,如水和二氧化碳。它们可以被涂在陶瓷支架上,制成类似过滤器的装置,可以安装在汽车上。到目前为止,这种装置只在实验室中进行过测试;有必要进行进一步的测试,以确定它们是否能在长时间运行的汽车排气系统的恶劣条件下耐受。汽车行业面临着越来越严格的联邦标准,要求减少尾气排放中的一氧化碳、未燃烧的碳氢化合物和氮氧化物。在美国国家科学院最近的一次会议上,亨利·费尔菲尔德·奥斯本博士宣布发现了一颗牙齿,证明了一种史前未知的类人猿物种,介于类人猿和最早的人类之间。这一发现是哈罗德·j·库克在内布拉斯加州上新世中期地层中发现的。这颗牙齿与任何已知的猿或人的牙齿都不匹配,无论是现代的还是灭绝的。奥斯本博士将其归类为一个新的物种和属,并将其命名为Hesperopithecus haroldcookii,意思是“哈罗德·库克(Harold Cook)发现的来自西方的类人猿”。“这块化石是在斯内克河河床的上游发现的,与犀牛、骆驼、亚洲羚羊和早期马的遗骸有关。”迄今为止,在美洲还没有发现类人猿灵长类动物的标本。“几年之内,这种新颖的分类被证明是一个错误;它在1927年被撤回。“有很多关于(人工天气制造)成就的报道,经过调查,结果都是虚幻的。现在,有人要求我们相信一种能驱散云雾,顺便把云变成雨的方法,这种方法足够便宜,可以普遍应用,对飞行员和其他人都有好处,它是由俄亥俄州代顿附近的麦库克机场的调查人员代表陆军航空兵设计出来的。这一过程包括从飞机上向云层喷洒带电的沙子,清除云层并产生早期的暴雨。我们看不出有任何理由使这一进程应延伸得很远。沙粒很快就会失去电荷,表现得和大气中发现的其他矿物粉尘一样。“维苏威火山的房子,伟大的熔岩景观”在维苏威火山大约三分之二的地方,矗立着一座小建筑,清晰可见。在多云和潮湿的天气里,山顶被浓密的烟雾所笼罩;在火山爆发的时候,炽热的溪流似乎包围着它,流得远远低于它的水平。在这个位置如此危险的建筑中,著名的意大利学者帕尔米耶里教授建立了一个天文台,并以惊人的勇气,一直留在他的职位上,观察火山的震动,有时他的房子站在液体火焰的激流之间,热量打碎了窗户,烧焦了墙壁的坚固石头。冒着如此巨大的风险获得的知识,最近已以一卷精辟的文字向世界公布,其中载有对今后调查火山现象提供宝贵帮助的数据。帕尔米耶里教授认为,在一定程度上,火山爆发是可以预测的。我们建议他把间歇性的火山变成持续的火山——从维苏威火山变成斯特龙博利火山——来补充他的努力。科学造福经济 “值得注意的是,科学主题最近得到了报纸的更多关注。这在一定程度上是因为人们越来越普遍地认识到,起初似乎没有任何应用价值的发现已经对普遍利益做出了贡献。磁和电的实验导致了电报的发明,这完全是出于好奇心。没有人能预料到光谱分析在钢铁制造中的应用。还可以举出其他例子来说明这样一个命题,即对物理科学所作的每一项补充都能够产生经济效益。”
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